Index Value Plot

http://mapsrus.blogspot.com/2012/07/index-value-plot.html

An index value plot is a graph that shows positive and negative fluctuations across a middle line called the norm line, which is what is normal over a period of time.  The above is a graph of the monthly values for the AMO (Atlantic multidecadal oscillation) index. 

Standardized Choropleth Map

http://www.geovista.psu.edu/grants/nci-esda/research.html

A standardized choropleth map compares distributions among multiple areas. The above is a standardized choropleth map of death ratios that show high risk areas of cervical cancer.

Correlation Matrix

http://yin.che.wisc.edu/images.htm

A correlation matrix is a grid that shows the covariances between the different  elements of vectors.  The correlation above shows a strong connection in the middle of the grid and is gets lower as it goes outward.  This grid was used in science to correlate protein activity.

Propaganda Map

http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1800_1899/congress/netaji/netaji.html

A propaganda map is much like a mental map.  It is a personal representation of an area or thing, not always very accurate and usually very decorative.   Above is a wartime propaganda map of Asia.

Continuously Variable Proportional Circle Map

https://www.e-education.psu.edu/geog486/book/export/html/1796

A continuously variable proportional circle map displays its information with circles that are proportionate to the data being measured.   The higher the value, the greater the circle and the lower the value, the smaller the circle.  The image above is an early example of this type of map, showing the proportion of different types of meat sent to Paris from different areas of France.

Social Network Map

http://www.fmsasg.com/SocialNetworkAnalysis/

A social networking map is a map that shows the connections between social life and social networking systems.  Above is a social network map of individuals and how there are all connected by social interactions with places, jobs, or friends.

Classed Choropleth Map

http://tcdd.texas.gov/texas-still-has-most-uninsured-map-shows-uninsured-by-county/

A classed choropleth map includes a legend with both color coordinated classifications and numerical values for each color within that legend which is then shown on the map for the corresponding values.  The map above is a classed choropleth map of the percent of uninsured population within the state of Texas.